陕西黄土高原地区退耕与粮食补助模式研究

在陕西黄土高原地区分区基础上 ,对各区未来 2 0年粮食供需状况进行预测 ,并根据未来粮食供需形势 ,选择了陕西黄土高原地区最优的退耕和粮食补助模式     

Phosphorus content in five representative landscape units of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama Desert-Peru)

Phosphorus forms and content were studied in soils of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama desert, Peru) using a fractionation method. These Lomas are small hills periodically submitted to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which causes heavy rainfall. Sample soils were randomly selected in five landscape types characterized by vegetation: cactaceae (Cac), cactaceae and herbaceous (CacHerb), shrubs (Shr), trees with cover < 60% (Tree) and shrubs or trees with cover > 60%) (ShrTree). All the soils were strongly acidic and classified as loamy sand, sandy loam or silt loam. Organic carbon content was under 1% in Cac or CacHerb, then increased strongly in ShrTree (6.50%). Considering phosphorus, all the forms (labile as well resistant forms) increased markedly from Cac soils to ShrTree soils. In all the soils, the labile forms (Resin-P: range 45–105 μg g^− 1; NaHCO3-Pi: 23–123 μg g^− 1; or NaHCO3-Po: 10–122 μg g^− 1) were very high. These high phosphorus contents were attributed to the specific climatic conditions of the Lomas that feature a long period of vegetation dormancy (very dry period) and a short period of growth, following ENSO-associated precipitation. We suggested that during the dry period, plant decay and microbial cells death lead to release and accumulation of labile P in the soil, the rainfall wetting the soil, permitting vegetation growth. In this respect, the Lomas climatic conditions contribute to soil fertility, especially as labile forms of phosphorus are chiefly concerned.     

宁夏南部黄土丘陵区退化天然草地改良效果综合评价

采用多层次模糊综合评判法,综合分析了宁夏南部黄土丘陵区不同改良措施下的改良效果,结果表明：“88542”整地＋播种综合评判值最高,达到5.9188,改良效果最好,施肥和封育的综合评判值其次,带状翻耕＋播种的综合评判值最低,仅为2.7750,远低于对照。     

植物生长剂和固沙剂对民勤沙区植被生长的影响

 为探讨植物生长调节剂、固沙剂的保水、增产及其固沙效果,挽救濒临死亡的地表植被,修复地区生态平衡,在民勤干旱沙区开展了有关应用技术研究。结果表明:1)植物生长调节剂及固沙剂具有一定的保水能力,可使农田作物含水率（耕作层）提高1.0～1.5百分点,使梭梭林分100cm内土壤层平均含水率提高2.3百分点,流动沙丘80cm内土壤层平均含水率提高3.5～3.9百分点。2)种子包衣制剂处理对小麦、玉米生长发育具有滞后作用,但均存在增产效果,能使小麦增产12.2%,玉米增产2.0%。3)利用液体试剂进行籽瓜灌根处理可促使植株较对照的主根增长9.1cm,主蔓增长33.0 cm,平均增产率为11.5%。4)用植物生长调节剂对退化植被梭梭、唐古特白刺进行根部追施后,梭梭新梢增长0.6～3.0 cm,唐古特白刺冠幅增大45.1～96.2 cm。5)固沙剂固定流动沙丘后,使沙丘结皮厚度增加0.2～0.3cm,风蚀减小50%～80%,沙丘植被盖度增加1.9%～2.7%。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征

本文对黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质分异特征进行了研究。结果表明,①该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质组分HA、FA和HM含量均有明显的分层特征,土层间均表现出:结皮层0～2cm土层2～5cm土层;不同年限生物结皮土壤腐殖质含量总体表现出:16年8年32年12年,表明退耕地生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质含量随时间变化呈非线性变化趋势;HA/FA平均值变化范围为0.34～0.70,低于1,该区生物结皮影响下的土壤腐殖质胡敏酸含量不高,腐殖酸以富啡酸为主;②结皮层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值随时间变化总体上呈"抛物线"型变化趋势;而0～2cm和2～5cm土层土壤腐殖酸E4/E6值呈缓慢增长的趋势;③腐殖质组分与土壤养分因子的全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p0.01);④土壤腐殖质组分含量的变化与全N、NO3--N、NH4+-N和有效Zn含量间存在满足二项式的函数回归关系(p0.01),表明生物结皮对土壤C素与N素和有效Zn的影响密切相关。     

Grassland nature reserves for breeding wading birds in England and the implications for the ESA agri-environment scheme

The two principal mechanisms available to conserve breeding wading birds on lowland wet grassland in England are nature reserves and agri-environment schemes, particularly the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme. ESAs offer payments to landowners in return for maintaining (‘low tiers’) or enhancing (‘high tiers’) the landscape, biodiversity and historic value of the land. Lowland wet grassland nature reserves managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) have been successful at conserving breeding lapwings and redshank but habitat management usually only results in short-term increases in numbers of breeding snipe. Within ESAs, populations of breeding wading birds fare better on land managed under high tiers than on land managed under low tiers. Land managed under high tiers also supports more pairs of breeding wading birds per £ of ESA grant received than land managed under low tiers. Means of increasing the cost-effectiveness of the ESA scheme in conserving breeding wading birds are discussed in the light of these results.     

绿洲-荒漠交错带不同沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律

绿洲-漠交错带是植被恢复的一个重要区域，而植被恢复的关键又是了解沙丘土壤水分的变化规律。从2003年10月到2004年10月，对甘肃省张掖绿洲-荒漠交错带沙丘土壤水分进行了连续观测，并研究了生态垫在沙漠治理中的应用。结果表明：土壤水分时空动态变化主要受降雨、植被以及地表覆盖等因素的影响，沙丘土壤水分月变化滞后于降水变化。沙丘剖面土壤水分变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小，铺设生态垫减小了沙丘土壤水分的空间变异（CV=4．43％），流动沙丘0～40cm的含水量（0．19％～1.27％）低于固定沙丘（1.61％～1．75％），而其它各层的含水量（1．52％～1．73％）都高于固定沙丘（1．11％～1．38％）；流动沙丘含水量（1．27％～1．73％）从上部到下部依次升高，而固定沙丘（1．75％～1．11％）则与此相反；利用标准差和变异系数对沙丘土壤水分垂直变化进行分层，得出了土壤水分剖面分别为速变层、活跃层和次活跃层，并运用相关分析方法分析了生态垫覆盖下沙丘各层间土壤含水量及其与沙丘剖面平均含水量的关系。研究初步认为，生态垫能有效地保持沙丘土壤水分，将为沙漠治理提供一种新型的治沙模式。     

Effect of irrigation on nematode population dynamics and activity in desert soils

Summary The nematode community in litter and soil was examined for a year in the Chihuahuan desert, before and after supplemental rainfall application. Proportions of nematode-active or anhydrobiotic forms and population densities were determined for 3 treatments: control (natural rainfall), a single, large (25-mm) monthly irrigation pulse, and 4 smaller (6-mm) irrigations spaced at weekly intervals. In litter the greatest nematode abundance was in the 6 mm week^–1 treatment (48 nematodes 20 g^–1 litter). Bacteriovores and fungivores accounted for approximately 95% of the numbers and biomass in all treatments. In soil, water amendments had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on annual mean densities of total nematodes, fungivores, bacterivores, or omnivore predators. Phytophage densities were greater on both irrigation treatments, with highest densities (9268 m^–2) in the 6 mm week^–1 soils, which was 5.9% of the total soil nematode density. Total densities of individual trophic groups were not significantly different before or after rainfall. Soil nematode densities fluctuated independently with trophic group, month, and season. Bacterial feeders and omnivore predators were the largest contributor to total soil nematode density and biomass. Prior to irrigation, there were no differences in the percentage of anhydrobiotes on the three treatments. Anhydrobiotes decreased after irrigation in all treatments, and were significantly lower in soils of the larger, monthly irrigation. Nematodes were inactive (anhydrobiotic) and decoupled from decomposition processes when soil water matric potentials reached –0.4 MPa.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕对土壤侵蚀影响的模拟研究

随着在黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕政策的实施,退耕必将对该地区的水土流失特征产生重大影响。对退耕的水土保持效益进行模拟研究,可为退耕政策的合理实施提供理论依据。选定位于黄土沟壑丘陵区的安塞研究区,在RS和GIS支持下,采用USLE,模拟研究了不同退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的影响。在2001年土地利用的遥感解译图和GIS计算分析基础上设计了8种不同的退耕方案,模拟结果显示,各种退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的减少主要发生在强度及强度以上侵蚀区,退耕后研究区已没有发生剧烈侵蚀的区域,强度和极强度侵蚀明显减少;土壤侵蚀量的减少主要发生在≥25°退耕和≥15°退耕,≥25°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了19.9%和23.2%,≥15°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了36.6%和42.6%。≥8°退耕方案和全部退耕方案与≥15°退耕方案相比,水保效益并没有显著差别。